Literatuur

• Sir Alan Gardiner , Egyptian Grammar, being an introduction to the study of hieroglyphs, Hardcover, [1979], 73, The prenomen is the name which follows the title n-sw-bìt 'he who belongs to the sedge and the bee'; the plant swt symbolizing Upper Egypt is supposed to be identical with the flowering scirpus-reed or sedge, a common emblem of Upper Egypt; the exact connection of the bee with Lower Egypt is still obscure.
• Burton, L Goddard , Animals and Birds of the Bible, , [2007], p. 24,
• Woordenboek , Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, , [], horzel,
  — HURZEL; HEURZEL —, znw. vr., in Z.-Ndl. ook manl. (zie DE BO [1873]; JOOS [1900-1904] en beneden onder 3). Mnl. horsel(e), hursele; dial. -duitsch horsel. Tegenwoordig brengt men horzel (hors-l-) veelal in verband met het in HOORNTJE (II) genoemde woord os. hornut (enz.), voor hetwelk men alsdan een grondvorm *horz-, *hors-nut aanneemt, en vervolgens vergelijkt men deze (en nog andere) benamingen voor wespen en horzels gezamenlijk met geheel of gedeeltelijk gelijkbet. Lat. en Slav. insectennamen.

  Naam voor verschillende insecten, t.w. voor eene (groote) soort van Wespen, Vespa crabro L.; voor de Oestriden (die niet kunnen steken), en voor de Hommels (2^de art.) in de bet. A (en B?). Zeer algemeen in het dagelijksch leven is ook het gebruik van dezen naam voor de (lastige, stekende) Paardenvlieg, Blinddaas of Brems (Tabanus). Eene dergelijke onzekerheid in de beteekenis vindt men ook bij brems (zie ald., 1^ste art.).

• - - , Algemeen, , Oriental Hornet Vespa orientalis orientalis Linnaeus, 1771
• - - , Algemeen, , Martin Weber, Hornissen, Missverstandene Räuber
• - - , Algemeen, , Jacob S. Ishay, [1999]
• - - , ANE: DISCUSSION LIST FOR THE STUDY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, 8 Jun 1995, Bee Warfare in Mesopotamia; Mesopotamia
  On May 24th I asked for assistance in tracking down a reference to bee warfare in the ANE. The response was overwhelming. Because of my novice status with internet I thank all of you here rather than attempting to send individual messages.
  My reason for the request was that Adrienne Mayor has written an article for Archaeology about poison honey in antiquity (apparently honey made from rhododendron pollen can cause paralysis, something recorded by Xenophon and others). I recalled the bee warfare article and thought that it might make an interesting addition. Adrienne found references to bee warfare in medieval Greece and in c. A.D. 500 Ireland. Several people suggested Aineias Tacitus (Aren Maeir, Bob Drews, and Elizabeth Lisi), Ellen Morris added Herodian, and Izak Cornelius came up with the original reference: Edward Neufeld's Insects as Warfare Agents in the Ancient Near East, Orientalia 1980, pp. 30-57. There were several other useful suggestions that I haven t had time to pursue. For the record Eva Crane (Archaeology of Beekeeping) doesn t talk about bee warfare. Elin Rand Nielsen, an authority on bees in ancient Egypt, noted that they were apparently pacifists as there is no evidence of their use in warfare. My thanks for other suggestions from Frank Ames, Hollis, Giovanna Barouch, Guillermo Algaze, Vivian Lal, Gary Beckman, Karen Rubinson, Gregory Munson, Jean Gascou, Peter Manuelian, Ron Tappy, and Irene Wanner.
  I ve summarized the references below. Thank you all again. Adrienne Mayor s article is tentatively scheduled for November. For those who offered advice, if you would like a copy of the issue let me have your complete mailing address. Meanwhile, I ll consult with Adrienne on how to acknowledge your collective assistance.
  Mark Rose
  Mesopotamia There isn t much to go on here. Edward Neufeld ( Insects as Warfare Agents in the Ancient Near East, Orientalia 1980, pp. 30-57) starts by suggesting that certain biblical passages are references to bees/hornets used in war. These are Ex. 23:28, Deut. 7:20, Josh. 24:12, and Isa. 7:18-20. One is somewhat convincing. He looks for parallels, but basically finds none in Ancient Near East. On pp. 54-56, however, he has some good bibliog. on classical and later examples of bee warfare (and some similar uses of snakes).
  Ex. 23:28: And I will send hornets before you, which shall drive out the Hivite, Canaanite, and Hittite from before you.
  Deut. 7:20: Moreover the Lord your God will send hornets among them, until those who are left and hide themselves from you are destroyed.
  Josh. 24:12: And I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out before you, the two kings of the Amorites; it was not by your sword or by your bow.
  Isa. 7:18-20: In that day the Lord will whistle for the fly which is at the sources of the streams of Egypt, and for the bee which is in the land of Assyria. And they will all come and settle in the steep ravines, and in the clefts of the rocks, and on all the thornbushes, and on all the pastures.
  fourth century B.C. The fourth-century B.C. author Aineias Tacitus (37.4) on preventing sappers from undermining walls: It has even been known for people to release wasps and bees into the tunnel to plague men inside it. From D. Whitehead, Aineias the Tactician: How to Survive Under Siege, Oxford (Clarendon Press), 1990, pp. 93, 199.
  first century B.C. Appian 12.78 says defenders of Bithynian Themiskyra used bees against Lucullus in 72 (I don t have Appian, and NYPL copy is in a library annex located in Siberia; this summary is from Whitehead s book on Aineias. Also mentioned by Neufeld.)
  second century A.D. Herodian (Book 3, chapter 9, 5-6) records that during the siege of Hatra by the forces of Severus in A.D. 197, the citizens were making clay pots...filled them with winged insects, little poisonous flying creatures. When these were hurled down on the besiegers, the insects fell into the Romans eyes and all the unprotected parts of their bodies; digging in before they were noticed, they bit and stung the soldiers.
  A.D. 500 Saint Gobnet of Ireland (patron saint of beekeeping there) used her bees to repel marauding cattle thieves in ca. A.D. 500. Different versions of the story exist; in one she changed the bees into soldiers and the beehive into a brass helmet, which was subsequently kept by the O Herlihy family for centuries.
  Medieval
  According to Blue Guide, the defenders of the thirteenth-century Venetian castle at Kastello on the Aegean island (Dodecanese) of Astipalaia fended off on assault on the gates by dropping beehives on the attackers. No source is given.
  Neufeld p. 55 and note 76: mentions a 1951 Spanish reference that notes fragile earthen hives tossed at enemy ships in Syro-Palestinian region during Greek and Roman period, a tactic later used in Aragon.
  meanwhile, a few thousand miles away, Neufeld notes:
  MAYA POPOL VUH lines 6899 ff:
  And then Jaguar Quitze, Jaguar Night, Mahucutah, and True Jaguar had a plan. They made a fence at the edge of their citadel. They just made a palisade of planks and stakes around their citadel.
  And then they asked Tohil about their plan....
  [Tohil speaks] Do not grieve. I am here. And here is what you will use on them. Do not be afraid, Jaguar Quitze, Jaguar Night, Mahucutah, and True Jaguar were told, and then the matter of the yellow jackets and wasps was set out. And when they had gone to get these insects and come back with them, they put them inside four large gourds, which were placed all around the citadel. The yellow jackets and wasps were shut inside the gourds. These were their weapons against the tribes.
  And then they climbed up the mountainside, and now they were just a litle short of the edge of the citadel. And then the gourds were opened--there were four of them around the citadel-and the yellow jackets and wasps were like a cloud of smoke when they poured out of each of the gourds. And the warriors were done in, with the insects landing on their eyes and landing on their noses, on their mouths, their legs, their arms. The insects went after them wherever they were. There were yellow jackets and wasps everywhere, landing to sting their eyes. They had to watch out for whole swarms of them, there were insects going after every single person. They were dazed by the yellow jackets and wasps. No longer able to hold onto their weapons and shields, they were doubling over and falling to the ground stumbling. They fell down the mountainside.
  And now they couldn t feel a thing when they were hit with arrows and cut with axes. Now Jaguar Quitze and Jaguar Night could even use sticks; even their wives became killers.
  This trans. is from Dennis Tedlock s book, Popol Vuh, New York: Simon & Schuster 1985, pp. 194-196. The Quiche Maya text is a copy made by friar Francisco Ximenez shortly after 1700.
  Last Known Use (from Neufeld, p. 56, note 80): World War I, Germans in East Africa (NYPL doesn t have the 1924 vol. of Bee World, so I don t know any more about it). (Howard Carter <archaeol@pipeline.com>,
• - - , Algemeen, , Some tidbits about bees and honey from prehistory to present
• - - , Algemeen, , Added contributions to Bee tidbits
• - - , Algemeen, , Making Swarming Happen H. Van Dyke Parunak, Ph.D. Chief Scientist, Altarum Institute
• - - , Algemeen, Cor Zonneveld,

  Natural History Photographs, Family Vespidae, subfamily Vespinae

• M.G. Easton , The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, web, [1897], Hornet, Heb. tsir'ah, "stinging", (Exodus 23:28; Deuteronomy 7:20; Joshua 24:12). The word is used in these passages as referring to some means by which the Canaanites were to be driven out from before the Israelites. Some have supposed that the word is used in a metaphorical sense as the symbol of some panic which would seize the people as a "terror of God" (Genesis 35:5), the consternation with which God would inspire the Canaanites. In Palestine there are four species of hornets, differing from our hornets, being larger in size, and they are very abundant. They "attack human beings in a very furious manner." "The furious attack of a swarm of hornets drives cattle and horses to madness, and has even caused the death of the animals."
• Encyclopedie , Jewish Encyclopedia, web, [2002], Hornet, Hornet: Rendering in the English version of the Hebrew "ẓir'ah." The hornet is mentioned as an instrument in God's hand for the punishment and expulsion of the Canaanites (Ex. xxiii. 29; Deut. vii. 20; Josh. xxiv. 12). Some assume that the hornet in these passages is used, like the "æstrus," or gadfly, in Greek and Latin, figuratively for panic or terror. There are at present four species of hornet in Palestine, the most common being Vespa orientalis. The frequency of hornets in Palestine in former times is perhaps indicated by the local name "Zoreah" (Josh. xv. 33; R.V. "Zorah"). In the Talmud the hornet ("ẓir'ah," "zibura," "'ar'ita") is usually referred to as a dangerous animal, with the scorpion, serpent, etc. The dread of its sting gave rise to the proverb: "Neither thy sting nor thy honey!" (Tan., Balak, 6). Public prayers for its destruction were sometimes ordered (Ta'an. 14a). Its sting brings death to an infant of one year, unless moss of a palm-tree pounded in water is administered (Ket. 50a); and even an adult has been known to die from a hornet's sting in the forehead (Shab. 80b). As the most atrocious act of cruelty perpetrated by the inhabitants of Sodom is related the treatment to which they subjected a girl who had given bread to a poor man; she was besmeared with honey and exposed to the stings of hornets (Sanh. 109b). To cure the sting of the hornet bruised flies were laid on the wound (Shab. 77b); or the urine of a forty-day-old infant was applied (ib. 109b). The patient must be guarded against cold ('Ab. Zarah 28b). The swallowing of a hornet results in certain death; and the drinking of very strong vinegar will keep the patient alive only long enough for him to make his will (ib. 12b). The hornet of Nineveh was considered particularly dangerous (Shab. 121b, alluding to Isa. vii. 18; Tristram, l.c. P. 322; Lewysohn, l.c. p. 303).
• J. Garstang , Joshua-Judges, , [1931], 112 ff., 258 ff, J. Garstang believed that 'the hornet' was the Egyptian Empire, which first of all dominated and disarmed the area, and then left the nations unprotected.
• J.P. van de Giessen , Blog Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel, August 25, 2011,

  Wespen

• J.P. van de Giessen , Blog Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel, November 18, 2011,

  Herbert-collectie: De Hoornaar

• Eyal Rosenzweig , Regeneration of guinea pig facial nerve: The effect of hypergravity, , [1996], 129-137,
• Eyal Rosenzweig , Navigation organs of the oriental hornet. The ocelli and ciliated sensory epithelium of the head., ,
• Dr. William Smith , Smith's Bible Dictionary, , The hornet bears a general resemblance to the common wasp, only it is larger. It is exceedingly fierce and voracious, especially in hot climates and its sting is frequently dangerous. In Scripture the hornet is referred to only by the means which Jehovah employed for the extirpation of the Canaanites. (Exodus 23:28; 7:20; Joshua 24:12) Wisd. 12:8. (It is said that the Phaselitae, a Phoenician people, were driven from their locality by hornets; and other examples are given in Paxton's "Illustrations of Scripture," 1:303.--ED.)
• Zoekmachine , Google, , Vespa orientalis

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Mede mogelijk dankzij